Differential Association Between Values of Health and Environment, and Emotions of Pride and Compassion

1. Introduction

Addressing pressing public health and environmental challenges necessitates understanding the psychological factors that drive relevant individual behaviors. While personal values, such as prioritizing health or the environment, are recognized as significant predictors of corresponding actions (Costa, Jessor, & Donovan, 1989; Grob, 1995; Lau, Hartman, & Ware, 1986; Li, Zhang, Li, & Chen, 2021), the origins and underpinnings of these values themselves warrant deeper investigation. Emerging perspectives suggest that stable emotional dispositions, or trait emotions, may play a foundational role in shaping or reinforcing an individual’s value priorities (cf. Sagiv & Schwartz, 2022). Although emotions are also known to directly influence behavior (Lerner, Dorison, & Kim, 2023), their potential role as antecedents or correlates of specific values represents a distinct and important avenue of inquiry.

This potential link gains theoretical plausibility when considering the functional properties of specific emotions and values. Emotion science highlights that distinct emotions serve different purposes; for instance, pride often arises from self-accomplishment and reinforces focus on personal standards and achievements (Tracy & Robins, 2007), reflecting a self-oriented motivation. In contrast, compassion is typically evoked by others’ needs and motivates prosocial, other-oriented helping behaviors (Goetz, Keltner, & Simon-Thomas, 2010; Pfattheicher, Sassenrath, & Schindler, 2016). Similarly, value theories distinguish between value orientations: Health values, emphasizing personal well-being, align with self-focused concerns, whereas environmental values, often concerning broader ecological or societal welfare, align with more other-focused or self-transcendent orientations (Schultz, 2001; Schwartz, 1992).

Given this parallel structure—the self-orientation of pride potentially mirroring the self-focus of health values, and the other-orientation of compassion potentially mirroring the other-focus of environmental values—it is hypothesized that these emotions may be differentially associated with, and potentially predictive of, these respective value domains. Specifically, individuals dispositionally high in pride might be more likely to endorse health values, while those high in compassion might be more likely to endorse environmental values. Examining these specific emotion-value linkages is crucial because it could illuminate the affective foundations of why certain individuals prioritize particular values over others, offering insights beyond the established value-behavior link. While some research has explored general affect-value connections (e.g. Nelissen, Dijker, & De Vries, 2007), the specificity of how distinct trait emotions like pride and compassion differentially relate to health versus environmental values remains largely untested empirically.

Therefore, the primary purpose of this study is to investigate the differential associations between specific trait emotions and distinct value domains. Utilizing multiple regression analyses, we examine whether trait pride and compassion, along with the negative emotions of anger and disgust (included for comparative purposes), differentially predict individual differences in the endorsement of health values and environmental values. By testing these hypothesized relationships, this research aims to clarify the potential role of distinct emotional dispositions in underpinning specific value priorities, thereby enhancing our understanding of the motivational architecture leading ultimately to health and environmental engagement.

2. Literature Review

3. Method

4. Results

1) Preliminary analysis

All analyses were performed using R Statistical Software version 4.2.1 (R Core Team, 2022). Descriptive statistics were first calculated for all variables, and sex differences were examined using t-tests (see Table 1).

<Table 1>

Descriptive Statistics and Mean Comparison by Sex

A correlational analysis was conducted to examine the relationships among the study variables (see Table 2). The results showed that both pride and compassion were positively associated with health value, with compassion demonstrating a stronger correlation, r = .35, p< .001. Similarly, pride and compassion were also correlated with environmental value, with pride showing a higher correlation, r = .22, p < .001. In contrast, anger and disgust did not exhibit significant correlations with health value. However, a weak but positive correlation was found between disgust and environmental value, r = .10, p = .049, while anger did not correlate significantly with environmental value. Finally, health and environmental values were not significantly associated, r = .05, p = .301.

<Table 2>

Correlations (Pearson) of Study Variables

2) Main analyses

Before analysis, multicollinearity was assessed using Variance Inflation Factors, all of which were below 1.5, indicating no significant issues. To account for potential non-linearity, heteroscedasticity, and outliers, robust regression analyses were conducted alongside ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions. Given the lack of association between health and environmental values, separate regression analyses were performed for each. Sex, age, and subjective social status were included as control variables to ensure robust results.

(1) Association between health value and emotions

Multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationships between health value and four emotions. The results indicated that only pride had a significant association with health value, B = 0.12, SE = 0.04, p = .003. Compassion showed a marginal relationship, B = 0.07, SE = 0.04, p = .087. When robust regression was applied to account for potential outliers and model stability, the association between pride and health value decreased, B = 0.05, SE = 0.04, p = .092, yet remained more pronounced than that of compassion, B = 0.00, SE = 0.04, p = .931 (see Table 3).

<Table 3>

Regression Coefficients of Emotions on Health Value

To validate the model’s external reliability, a 10-fold cross-validation was performed. The data were divided into 10 subsets, with 9 used for training and 1 for validation, repeated across 100 iterations. The average cross-validated coefficient of determination closely mirrored the original analysis, confirming the model’s external validity.

(2) Association between environmental value and emotions

Multiple regression analyses were conducted with environmental value as the dependent variable to assess how the four emotions relate differentialy with environmental value. The findings revealed that only compassion had a significant association with environmental value, B = 0.32, SE = 0.05, p < .001. Robust regression confirmed this result, showing that compassion remained the sole emotion significantly linked to environmental value, B = 0.36, SE = 0.07, p < .001. A 10-fold cross-validation confirmed the model’s external validity, ensuring robust and reliable findings (see Table 4).

<Table 4>

Regression Coefficients of Emotions on Environment Value

Interaction analyses between pride and compassion showed no significant effects on either health value, B = 0.01, SE = 0.03, p = .610, or environmental value, B = -0.05, SE = 0.04, p = .150. These results suggest that pride and compassion operate independently in their associations with health and environmental values.

5. Discussion

This study examined the differential associations of pride, compassion, anger, and disgust with health and environmental values. The key findings of the study revealed that pride was significantly associated with health value, but not with environmental value, while compassion was associated with environmental value, but not with health value. Also, both anger and disgust which are negative emotions, did not show any significant association with either health value or environmental value.

Before discussing these results and their broader implications, it is important to clarify why the study focuses on the regression results. For example, the correlation matrix indicated significant positive associations for both pride and compassion with health value. However, in the multiple regression model, only pride retained a significant (or near-significant) unique association. This discrepancy likely arises because zero-order correlations do not account for shared variance among predictors. Pride and compassion, while distinct positive emotions, were positively correlated in this sample, suggesting some overlap in their underlying variance. Multiple regression analysis, by its nature, isolates the unique statistical contribution of each predictor after accounting for this shared variance with other variables—in this case demographic controls (gender, age, subjective social status). Therefore, the focus on the multiple regression findings is appropriate, as they reveal the unique associations of each emotion with the value domains, aligning with the study’s goal of exploring how distinct positive (pride, compassion) and negative (anger, disgust) emotions are differentially related to health and environmental values.

The findings highlights a significant distinction between positive emotions and their influence on these values. Pride was strongly linked to health value, suggesting that individuals who experience pride tend to prioritize personal well-being. In contrast, compassion’s association with environmental value reflects a focus on collective responsibility and concern for others. These results align with previous research showing that pride is self-centered, while compassion is oriented toward others (Jacobs & McConnell, 2022; Shiota et al., 2006).

The absence of a significant association between pride and environmental value, and between compassion and health value, suggests that the motivational drivers behind these emotions are context-specific. This study thus contributes to the literature by demonstrating the contrasting associations of distinct positive emotions and values. Research on positive emotions is relatively new, as negative emotions have historically been considered more differentiated, leading most research to focus on them (Lerner et al., 2023). The differential association between pride and compassion with health and environmental values offers a novel perspective on the link between values and emotions. Although both values and emotions are key drivers of behavior, the effectiveness of promoting particular behaviors may depend on understanding the interaction between specific values and emotions. This study, therefore, opens new avenues for exploring which emotions are most closely associated with relevant values when aiming to foster certain behaviors.

A notable finding in this study is the absence of significant associations between negative emotions (anger and disgust) and health or environmental values. Indeed, anger and disgust did not show significant associations with health values, and only a weak positive correlation between disgust and environmental value was observed. This suggests that negative emotions might not be strong motivators for valuing health or the environment. However, previous research has demonstrated that negative state emotions can foster health and prosocial behaviors (Han et al., 2010; Harth et al., 2013; Li et al., 2022), making the current results somewhat unexpected. One potential explanation is that anger and disgust, rather than functioning as transient emotional states, may reflect more stable personality traits. Therefore, anger and disgust may not be as effective in driving sustained behavioral changes or value shifts compared to more transient emotions.

This perspective aligns with findings from research suggesting that trait-like negative emotions are associated with habitual patterns of behavior that do not necessarily lead to proactive value-driven actions (Watson & Clark, 1984). Interestingly, this divergence only applies to negative emotions. Positive emotions, such as compassion or pride, tend to function similarly across both trait and state dimensions, consistently promoting health and environmental values. This may be because positive emotions are inherently constructive, motivating individuals to engage in value-driven behaviors, whether these emotions are contextually triggered (state) or ingrained personality traits (trait). This divergence warrants further investigation.

This cross-sectional study, though informative, has several limitations. The design prevents causal inference, and the reliance on self-reported data introduces the possibility of common method bias. Additionally, the characteristics of the sample may limit the generalizability of the findings, while measurement limitations and potential spurious correlations may influence the results. Future research should address these issues by employing longitudinal designs, more diverse samples, and multiple data collection methods. The study’s focus on a limited range of emotions may have excluded other relevant emotions, such as fear, joy, or surprise. While these emotions may have less direct connections to health and environmental values, their omission could narrow the scope of the findings. Future research should consider a broader range of emotions to provide a more nuanced understanding of the emotional drivers behind health and environmental values.

Despite these limitations, this study offers valuable insights into the role emotions play in shaping health and environmental values. The findings enhances our understanding of how different emotions contribute to the formation and prioritization of health and environmental values, demonstrating that positive emotions are crucial in promoting healthy and prosocial behaviors and highlight the need for future research to explore a wider range of emotions. Beyond theoretical contributions, the study has practical implications for addressing global challenges. By fostering positive emotions like pride and compassion, policymakers and practitioners can design targeted interventions to promote personal health behaviors and encourage environmental stewardship. In short, by understanding the distinct roles that different positive emotions play in motivating these values, policymakers and practitioners can design more targeted and effective interventions to address the pressing issues of our time.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the research grant of Jeju National University in 2025(이 논문은 2025년도 제주대학교 교원성과지원사업에 의하여 연구되었음)

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